Olfaction in children, disorders, diagnosisi and treatment is presented

Foreign bodies of the esophagus in children still represent one of the emergency situations in ENT. They are most common between the ages of 2 and 7. These can be a wide variety of objects that a child swallows by right or involuntarily. Most often, these are metal coins and parts of toys, and less often pieces of food.

The paper presents a retrospective analysis of 83 rigid esophagoscopies that were performed in the ENT Clinic of the UKC RS Banjaluka in a fifteen-year period (2009-2024), and due to suspicion of a foreign body in the esophagus in patients with an average age of about 3.38 years. The diagnosis was made on the basis of heteroanamnesis, clinical picture, clinical ENT examination, lung X-ray, EGD X-ray, and rigid esophagoscopy, which was also a therapeutic method. The leading symptom in the largest number of cases (62) was dysphagia. The most frequently extracted foreign body was a metal foreign body with rounded edges (coins) localized at the height of the first physiological constriction. In all patients, a rigid esophagoscopy was performed under general endotracheal anesthesia, and after esophagoscopy and foreign body extraction, antibiotic therapy was prescribed, and in 10%, corticosteroid therapy. Out of the total number of esophagoscopies, we had complications in 4 patients in the form of a lesion of the back wall of the esophagus.

Esophageal foreign bodies in children still represent one of the emergency situations in ENT, and they require special attention because they are mostly young children. For classic

esophagoscopy, endoscopic instruments and a skilled endoscopist are necessary, because after all, we are talking about small children with a delicate and narrow lumen of the esophagus, so the very attempt to remove a foreign body means a possible danger for mucosal lesions, which can lead to more serious consequences.The prevention of aspiration of foreign bodies in the esophagus in children is important and must be continuous, and includes education of parents, especially in the first two years of life by pediatricians and family medicine doctors.

Pediatric open airway surgery decannulation rates and treatment types are presented.